Enhancing Quality of Healthcare and Patient Safety: Oversight of Physician Assistants, Nurses, and Pharmacists in Era of COVID-19 and Beyond

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30953/tmt.v6.298

Keywords:

healthcare quality, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants, telehealth

Abstract

In the age of digitization, telemedicine services are utilized more than ever, and this trend affects healthcare as well. Although the utilization of technology serves as a benefit in allowing more access to care, COVID-19 has identified some of the weaknesses and discrepancies of the system. The increase in usage of technology has shed light on and increased the severity of the gaps in the regulatory and legal infrastructure overseeing this rapid growth. We aim to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the telemedicine healthcare system, as well as address the frequent misconduct that occurs between patients and their nurses, pharmacists, and physician assistants, in order to highlight the necessity of a standardized method of reporting misconduct on an international, national, state, county, and local level. Our findings should alert the healthcare community of the growing urgency to address the policy and regulatory aspects of telemedicine to provide greater quality and safety during the post-COVID era. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87(1): 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007

Hazin R, Barazi MK, Summerfield M. Challenges to establishing nationwide diabetic retinopathy screening programs. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011; 22(3): 174–79. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834595e8

Hazin R, Colyer M, Lum F, Barazi MK. Revisiting Diabetes 2000: challenges in establishing nationwide diabetic retinopathy prevention programs. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152(5): 723–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.06.022

Sheppler CR, Lambert WE, Gardiner SK, Becker TM, Mansberger SL. Predicting adherence to diabetic eye examinations: development of the compliance with Annual Diabetic Eye Exams Survey. Ophthalmology 2014; 121(6): 1212–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.016

Murthy GV, Gupta SK, Bachani D, Tewari HK, John N. Human resources and infrastructure for eye care in India: current status. Natl Med J India 2004; 17(3): 128–34.

Das T, Pappuru RR. Telemedicine in diabetic retinopathy: access to rural India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64(1): 84–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.178151

Resnikoff S, Felch W, Gauthier TM, Spivey B. The number of ophthalmologists in practice and training worldwide: a growing gap despite more than 200,000 practitioners. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96(6): 783–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301378

Das T, Raman R, Ramasamy K, Rani PK. Telemedicine in diabetic retinopathy: current status and future directions. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2015; 22(2): 174–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-9233.154391

Gilbert CE, Babu RG, Gudlavalleti AS, Anchala R, Shukla R, Ballabh PH, et al. Eye care infrastructure and human resources for managing diabetic retinopathy in India: the India 11-city 9-state study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20 (Suppl 1): S3–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.179768

Hussain R, Rajesh B, Giridhar A, Gopalakrishnan M, Sadasivan S, James J, et al. Knowledge and awareness about diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in suburban population of a South Indian state and its practice among the patients with diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64(4): 272–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.182937

Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83(8): 937–40. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.8.937

Vashist P, Singh S, Gupta N, Saxena R. Role of early screening for diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: an overview. Indian J Commun Med 2011; 36(4): 247–52. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.91324

Agarwal S, Raman R, Kumari RP, Deshmukh H, Paul PG, Gnanamoorthy P, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetics detected by targeted screening versus newly diagnosed in general practice. Ann Acad Med Singap 2006; 35(8): 531–5.

Yogesan K, Goldschmidt L, Cuadros, J. (Eds.). Digital teleretinal screening. Teleophthalmology in practice. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2012.

Raman R, Gupta A, Sharma T. Telescreening for diabetic retinopathy. In Ryan SJ, ed. Retina, Elsevier: Health Sciences Division, vol 2, 5th ed. 2012; pp. 1006–11.

Kolomeyer AM, Szirth BC, Shahid KS, Pelaez G, Nayak NV, Khouri AS. Software-assisted analysis during ocular health screening. Telemed J E Health 2013; 19(1): 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0070

John S, Sengupta S, Reddy SJ, Prabhu P, Kirubanandan K, Badrinath SS. The Sankara Nethralaya mobile teleophthalmology model for comprehensive eye care delivery in rural India. Telemed J E Health 2012; 18(5): 382–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0190

Agarwal S, Raman R, Paul PG, Rani PK, Uthra S, Gayathree R, et al. Sankara Nethralaya-Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS 1): study design and research methodology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005; 12(2): 143–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580590932734

Mohan V, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Prathiba V, Datta M, Sethuraman R, et al. Prevention of diabetes in rural India with a telemedicine intervention. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6(6): 1355–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681200600614

Zimmer-Galler IE, Kimura AE, Gupta S. Diabetic retinopathy screening and the use of telemedicine. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2015; 26(3): 167–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000142

Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. VI. Retinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1987; 94(7): 747–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(87)33525-0

Hudson SM, Contreras R, Kanter MH, Munz SJ, Fong DS. Centralized reading center improves quality in a real-world setting. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46(6): 624–9. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20150610-05

John S, Srinivasan S, Raman R, Ram K, Sivaprakasam M. Validation of a customized algorithm for the detection of diabetic retinopathy from single-field fundus photographs in a tertiary eye care hospital. Stud Health Technol Inform 2019; 264: 1504–5. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI190506

Gulshan V, Peng L, Coram M, Stumpe MC, Wu D, Narayanaswamy A, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA 2016; 316(22): 2402–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17216

Gulshan V, Rajan RP, Widner K, Wu D, Wubbels P, Rhodes T, et al. Performance of a deep-learning algorithm vs manual grading for detecting diabetic retinopathy in India. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137(9): 987–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.2004

Natarajan S, Jain A, Krishnan R, Rogye A, Sivaprasad S. Diagnostic accuracy of community-based diabetic retinopathy screening with an offline artificial intelligence system on a smartphone. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137(10): 1182–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.2923

Tufail A, Kapetanakis VV, Salas-Vega S, Egan C, Rudisill C, Owen CG, et al. An observational study to assess if automated diabetic retinopathy image assessment software can replace one or more steps of manual imaging grading and to determine their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2016; 20(92): 1–72. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20920

Rathi S, Tsui E, Mehta N, Zahid S, Schuman JS. The current state of teleophthalmology in the United States. Ophthalmology 2017; 124(12): 1729–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.026

Published

2021-11-24

How to Cite

Park, L. W., & Dr. Amar Gupta. (2021). Enhancing Quality of Healthcare and Patient Safety: Oversight of Physician Assistants, Nurses, and Pharmacists in Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. Telehealth and Medicine Today, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.30953/tmt.v6.298

Issue

Section

Opinions, Perspectives, Commentary

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.